✨Niên biểu Chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai (1942)

Đây là một Niên biểu các sự kiện diễn ra trong thời gian Chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai, trong năm 1942.

Tháng 1 năm 1942

:1: 26 quốc gia Đồng minh ký Tuyên bố Liên Hợp Quốc trong Hội nghị Arcadia. :2: Nhật chiếm Manila và Căn cứ Hải quân Cavite, quân Hoa Kỳ và Philippines tiếp tục rút vào Bataan. :7: Operation Watchtower begins the Guadalcanal Campaign as American forces invade Gavutu, Guadalcanal, Tulagi và Tanambogo in the Solomon Islands. :8: Six of the eight German would-be saboteurs involved in Operation Pastorius are executed in Washington, D.C. ::The naval Battle of Savo Island, near Guadalcanal; the Americans lose three cruisers, the Australians one. :9: Numerous riots in favour of independence in India; Mahatma Gandhi is arrested. :10: Rommel begins an attack around El Alamein, but by September he is back to his original lines. :11: The , a carrier on convoy duty to Malta, is torpedoed and sinks with heavy loss of life. :12: At a conference in Moscow, Churchill informs Stalin that there will not be a "second front" in 1942. ::American forces establish bases in the New Hebrides islands. ::Fighting increases as the Germans approach Stalingrad. :13: General Bernard Montgomery appointed commander of British Eighth Army in North Africa; Churchill is anxious to see more offensive action on the part of the British. ::Disastrous end to the Malta convoy, but one tanker and four merchant ships get through. :15: Malta is supplied via Operation Pedestal. :17: First US Army Air Forces B-17 heavy bomber raid in Europe, targeting the Sotteville railroad yards at Rouen, France. :18: Japanese reinforce New Guinea; Australians land troops at Port Moresby. Meanwhile, American planes have destroyed Japanese air power at Wewak, New Guinea. :19: Operation Jubilee, a raid by British and Canadian forces on Dieppe, France, ends in disaster; they come under heavy gunfire and eventually most are killed or captured by the German defenders. :20: Henderson Field on Guadalcanal receives its first American fighter planes. :21: Japanese counter-attack at Henderson Field; in another foray at the Tenaru (or Ilu) River, many Japanese are killed in a banzai charge. :22: Brazil declares war on the Axis countries, partly in response to numerous riots by a populace angry at the sinking of Brazilian ships.
: Stanislau "reprisal" aktion. - After many repeated organized killings, the current head of the Judenrat, Goldstein is publicly hanged along with 20 of the Jewish police. Jewish girls are raped before being shot at the Gestapo headquarters, and 1,000 Jews are shot and killed. :23: Massive German air raid on Stalingrad. :24: The naval battle of the Eastern Solomons; the USS Enterprise is badly damaged and the Japanese lose one light carrier, the Ryujo. :26: Battle of Milne Bay begins: Japanese forces land and launch a full-scale assault on Australian base near the eastern tip of New Guinea. :27: Marshal Georgii Zhukov is appointed to the command of the Stalingrad defence; the Luftwaffe is now delivering heavy strikes on the city. :28: Incendiary bombs dropped by a Japanese seaplane cause a forest fire in Oregon. :30: The Battle of Alam Halfa, Egypt, a few miles south of El Alamein begins. This will be Rommel's last attempt to break through the British lines; RAF air superiority plays a large role. :Luxembourg is formally annexed to the German Reich. :31: Start of the 1942 Luxembourgish general strike against conscription

Tháng 9 năm 1942

:1: US Navy Construction Battalion personnel, Seabees, began to arrive at Guadalcanal. :3: The Battle of Stalingrad proper may be said to have begun on this date, with German troops in the suburbs; even civilian men and boys are conscripted by the Red Army to assist in the defence. :4: Irish Republican Army riots occur in Belfast during the night. ::Manhattan Engineering District is formally created, full-effort production of the atomic bomb is begun. ::Chief of State of Vichy France Philippe Pétain và Prime Minister Pierre Laval create what will become the Service du travail obligatoire (STO) :5: Australian and U.S. forces defeat Japanese forces at Milne Bay, Papua, the first outright defeat for Japanese land forces in the Pacific War. Their evacuation and the failure to establish an airbase eases the threat to Australia. :6: The Black Sea port of Novorossiysk is taken by the Germans. :9: A Japanese plane drops more incendiaries on Oregon, but with little effect. :10: RAF blasts Düsseldorf with large incendiary bombing. :12: , carrying civilians, Allied soldiers and Italian POWs, is torpedoed off the coast of West Africa and sinks.
: SS commander Brandt orders 3,000-4,000 Stanislau Jews deported to the Belzec death camp on Rosh Hashana, the Jewish New Year holiday, and they were killed there that day. :12-14: American troops push back the Japanese in the Battle of Edson's Ridge :13: The Battle for Stalingrad continues; it is now totally surrounded by the Germans. On the Soviet Union side General Vasily Chuikov is put in charge of the defence. :14: The Japanese retreat again from Henderson Field, Guadalcanal. ::The Japanese are now within 30 miles of Port Moresby, New Guinea, on the Kokoda trail. ::Continued convoy losses in the Atlantic. :15: Americans send troops to Port Moresby as reinforcements for the Australian defenders. ::Light carrier is sunk by a Japanese submarine off Guadalcanal. :18: Battle of the "grain silo" in Stalingrad; the Germans are beaten back. The Red Army begins ferrying troops across the Volga at night. :19: Allied attack on Jalo, Libya is repulsed by Germans. :20: RAF bombs Munich và Saarbrücken. ::The Greek Panhellenic Union of Fighting Youths blows up the offices of the pro-Nazi National-Socialist Patriotic Organisation in central Athens, thwarting attempts to raise a Greek volunteer legion for the Eastern Front. :23: General Rommel leaves North Africa for medical treatment in Germany. :23-27: In the Third Battle of Matanikau River, Guadalcanal, Japanese naval bombardment and landing forces nearly destroy Henderson field in an attempt to take it, but the land forces are soon driven back. :24: United States of America deploys the I Corps to the Pacific Theater. :28: The Japanese continue their retreat back down the Kokoda Track in New Guinea. :30: The Eagle Squadron (American volunteers in the RAF) are officially transferred to the US Army Air Force. ::Hitler speaks to the nation and boasts that Stalingrad will be taken.

Tháng 10 năm 1942

thumb|Dead Japanese soldiers at the Matanikau River, Guadalcanal :3: First successful launch of A4-rocket at Peenemünde, Germany. The rocket flies 147 kilometres wide and reaches a height of 84.5 kilometres and is therefore the first man-made object reaching space. :4: British Commandos raid Sark, a Channel Island, capturing one German soldier. :6: By mutual arrangement, the Allies agree on a strategy whereby Americans will bomb in the daytime and the RAF at night. :7: Third Battle of the Matanikau :11: Battle of Cape Esperance. ::On the Northwest coast of Guadalcanal, United States Navy ships intercept and defeat a Japanese fleet on their way to reinforce troops on the island. With the help of radar they sink one cruiser and several Japanese destroyers. :12: The Red Army methods of ferrying troops across the Volga and into Stalingrad directly seems to be a success, as the German advance comes to a halt. ::The US 100th Infantry Battalion, a force of over 1,400 predominantly Nisei became active. :13: Heavy bombardment of Henderson Field, Guadalcanal by the Japanese navy. :14: A German U-boat sinks the ferry SS Caribou, killing 137. :18: Hitler issues Commando Order, ordering all captured commandos to be executed immediately. ::Admiral William "Bull" Halsey is given command of the South Pacific naval forces. :21: Heavy RAF activity over El Alamein. :22: Conscription age in Britain reduced to 18. ::American General Mark Clark secretly lands in Algeria to confer with Vichy officials and Resistance groups in preparation for impending Allied invasion. :23: Second Battle of El Alamein begins with massive Allied bombardment of German positions. Then Australian forces, mainly, begin advance while offshore British naval forces support the right flank (n.b. the ongoing concurrent victories being prepared at Guadalcanal and Stalingrad). :23: Battle for Henderson Field :24: US Navy Task Force 34, consisting of aircraft carriers, a variety of support ships, including Troop Ships and other vessels, set sail from Hampton Roads, Virginia with Patton's forces for Operation Torch, the landing in North Africa. The other two task forces of Operation Torch, the first American-led force to fight in the European and African theatres of war, depart Britain for Maroc. ::Crisis at El Alamein: British tanks survive German 88mm fire; Montgomery orders the advance to continue despite losses. :25: Rommel hurriedly returns from his sickbed in Germany to take charge of the African battle. (His replacement, General Stumme, had died of a heart attack). ::The Japanese continue their attacks on the Marines west of Henderson field. :26: The naval Battle of Santa Cruz. The Japanese lose many aircraft and have two aircraft carriers severely damaged. The is sunk and the is damaged. :29: The Japanese continue to send troops as reinforcements into Guadalcanal. ::In the United Kingdom, leading clergymen and political figures hold a public meeting to register outrage over Đức Quốc Xã's persecution of Jews. ::United States 1st Armored Division moves from Northern Ireland to England. :31: The British make a critical breakthrough with tanks west of El Alamein; Rommel's mine fields fail to stop the Allied armour.

Tháng 11 năm 1942

thumb|The state of the allies and axis powers in November 1942. :1: Operation Supercharge, the Allied breakout at El Alamein, begins. ::The Americans begin the Matanikau Offensive against the Japanese :3: Second Battle of El Alamein ends - German forces under Erwin Rommel are forced to retreat during the night. ::American victory over the Japanese in the Koli Point action :6: Carlson's Patrol begins :8: Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of Vichy-controlled Maroc và Algérie, begins; ::French resistance coup in Algiers, consisting of about 400 fighters neutralise the Vichyist XIXth Army Corps and the Vichyist generals (Juin, Darlan, etc.), contributing significantly to the immediate success of the operation. ::The United States Combat Command "B" of the 1st Armored Division lands east and west of Oran as part of Operation Torch. :10: In violation of a 1940 armistice, Germany invades Vichy France; they are responding to the fact that French Admiral François Darlan has signed an armistice with the Allies in North Africa. ::Oran, Algérie falls to US troops; 17 French ships are sunk at Oran, causing a rift between the French and the Allies. There are more Allied landings near the Tunisian border. ::Montgomery begins a major British offensive beginning at Sollum on the Libya/Egypt border. The British reach Bardia on the 11th, Tobruk on the 12th, and Benghazi on the 18th. ::Lieutenant General Montgomery is knighted and made a full General. ::Churchill speaks: "This is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning." :11: Convoys reach Malta from Alexandria; an official announcement proclaims that the island is "relieved of its siege". :12: Battle of Guadalcanal - A climactic naval battle near Guadalcanal starts between Japanese and American naval forces. Notably, the is sunk with much of its crew, including the five Sullivan brothers. ::The Red Army makes an attempt to relieve Stalingrad at Kotelnikov. :13: British Eighth Army recaptures Tobruk. ::Battle of Guadalcanal: aviators from the sink the Japanese battleship Hiei. :14: The sinks the . :15: The naval battle of Guadalcanal ends. Although the United States Navy suffers heavy losses, it still retains control of the sea around Guadalcanal. ::The British move westward in Tunisia. ::British Eighth Army recaptures Derna. :17: Japanese send reinforcements into New Guinea; Americans are stymied at Buna. :18: Heavy British RAF raid on Berlin with few losses. :19: At Stalingrad the Soviet Union forces under General Georgy Zhukov launch Operation Uranus aimed at encircling the Germans in the city and thus turning the tide of battle in the USSR's favor. :20: The Allies take Benghazi, Libya; the Afrika Corps continues the retreat westward. :21: The Red Army attempt at encirclement of Stalingrad continues with obvious success. ::American army moves to shove Japanese off the extreme western end of Guadalcanal. :22: Battle of Stalingrad: The situation for the German attackers of Stalingrad seems desperate during the Soviet counter-attack; General Friedrich Paulus sends Adolf Hitler a telegram saying that the German 6th Army is surrounded. ::Red Army troops complete the encirclement of the Germans at Kalach, west of Stalingrad. :23: "Der Kessel"—the Cauldron, a description of the heavy fighting at Stalingrad; Hitler orders General Paulus not to retreat, at any cost. :25: The encirclement of Stalingrad continues to stabilise. Hitler reiterates his demand of Paulus not to surrender. ::Operation Harling: a team of British SOE agents, together with over 200 Greek guerrillas from both ELAS và EDES groups, blow up the Gorgopotamos railway bridge, in one of the war's biggest sabotage acts. :26: Hostilities erupt between the American and Australian soldiers in Brisbane. Fighting breaks out which results in multiple fatalities, it is dubbed the Battle of Brisbane :27: At Toulon, the French navy scuttles its ships (most notably the Dunkerque and Strasbourg) and submarines to keep them out of German hands; the French have declined another option – to join the Allied fleets in North African waters. :29: The Allied offensive in Tunisia meets with only minimum success. :30: The naval Battle of Tassafaronga (off Guadalcanal); this is a night action in which Japanese naval forces sink one American cruiser and damage three others.

Tháng 12 năm 1942

thumb|The state of the allies and axis powers in December 1942, showing allied progress in Northern Africa. :1: Gasoline rationing begins in the United States. ::The US cruiser is sunk as Japanese destroyers attempt to come down "the Slot" to Guadalcanal. :2: Heavy fighting in Tunisia, as German forces are pushed into the final North African corner. ::Below the bleachers of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago, a team led by Enrico Fermi initiate the first nuclear chain reaction. A coded message, "The Italian navigator has landed in the new world" is sent to President Roosevelt. :4: The first US bombing of mainland Italy—Naples. ::Carlson's patrol ends. :6: RAF bombs Eindhoven, the Netherlands. :7: On the anniversary of the Pearl Harbor attack, the , America's largest battleship is launched (commissioned five months later). ::British commandos conduct Operation Frankton a raid on shipping in Bordeaux harbour. :9: The Marines turn over Guadalcanal to the American army. :12: Rommel abandons El Agheila and retreats to Tripoli; the final stand will be at the Mareth line in southern Tunisia. ::In a large operation named "Operation Winter Storm", the Germans attempt to break through to forces trapped in Stalingrad. :13: The Luftwaffe flies in meagre supplies to the beleaguered Stalingrad troops. :15: American and Australian troops finally push Japanese out of Buna, New Guinea. ::Allies clash with Japanese troops in the Battle of the Gifu :22: The Germans begin a retreat from the Caucasus. ::The battle for "Longstop Hill" begins; a key position outside Tunis, the Germans eventually take it and hold it until April. ::The remainder of the United States 1st Armored Division arrived at North Africa for Operation Husky. :24: French Admiral Darlan, the former Vichy leader who had switched over to the Allies following the Torch landings, is assassinated in Algiers. ::The United States reorganizes its Combat Arms Regiments with their Organic Battalions into Separate Groups and Battalions :25: American bombers hit Rabaul. :26: Heavy fighting continues on Guadalcanal, now focused on Mount Austen in the west. :28: The governor of pro-Vichy French Somaliland surrenders to invading British and Free French forces. :31: In the Battle of the Barents Sea, the British win a strategic victory, leading Hitler to largely abandon the use of surface raiders in favor of U boats. ::As the year draws to a close, things look much brighter for the Allies than they did a few months ago: Rommel is trapped in Tunisia, the Germans are encircled at Stalingrad, and the Japanese appear ready to abandon Guadalcanal.